:: Darboux's Theorem
:: by Noboru Endou , Katsumi Wasaki and Yasunari Shidama
::
:: Received December 7, 1999
:: Copyright (c) 1999-2021 Association of Mizar Users


Lm1: for j being Element of NAT holds (j -' j) + 1 = 1
proof end;

Lm2: for n being Element of NAT st 1 <= n & n <= 2 & not n = 1 holds
n = 2
proof end;

definition
let A be non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL;
let D be Division of A;
func delta D -> Real equals :: INTEGRA3:def 1
 max (rng (upper_volume ((chi (A,A)),D)));
correctness
coherence
max (rng (upper_volume ((chi (A,A)),D))) is Real;
;
end;

:: deftheorem defines delta INTEGRA3:def 1 :
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D being Division of A holds delta D = max (rng (upper_volume ((chi (A,A)),D)));

definition
let A be non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL;
let T be DivSequence of A;
func delta T -> Real_Sequence means :Def2: :: INTEGRA3:def 2
 for i being Element of NAT holds it . i = delta (T . i);
existence
ex b1 being Real_Sequence st
for i being Element of NAT holds b1 . i = delta (T . i)
proof end;
uniqueness
for b1, b2 being Real_Sequence st ( for i being Element of NAT holds b1 . i = delta (T . i) ) & ( for i being Element of NAT holds b2 . i = delta (T . i) ) holds
b1 = b2
proof end;
end;

:: deftheorem Def2 defines delta INTEGRA3:def 2 :
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for T being DivSequence of A
for b3 being Real_Sequence holds
( b3 = delta T iff for i being Element of NAT holds b3 . i = delta (T . i) );

theorem :: INTEGRA3:1
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1, D2 being Division of A st D1 <= D2 holds
delta D1 >= delta D2
proof end;

theorem Th2: :: INTEGRA3:2
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D being Division of A st vol A <> 0 holds
ex i being Element of NAT st
( i in dom D & vol (divset (D,i)) > 0 )
proof end;

theorem Th3: :: INTEGRA3:3
for x being Real
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D being Division of A st x in A holds
ex j being Element of NAT st
( j in dom D & x in divset (D,j) )
proof end;

theorem Th4: :: INTEGRA3:4
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1, D2 being Division of A ex D being Division of A st
( D1 <= D & D2 <= D & rng D = (rng D1) \/ (rng D2) )
proof end;

theorem Th5: :: INTEGRA3:5
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D, D1 being Division of A st delta D1 < min (rng (upper_volume ((chi (A,A)),D))) holds
for x, y being Real
for i being Element of NAT st i in dom D1 & x in (rng D) /\ (divset (D1,i)) & y in (rng D) /\ (divset (D1,i)) holds
x = y
proof end;

theorem Th6: :: INTEGRA3:6
for p, q being FinSequence of REAL st rng p = rng q & p is increasing & q is increasing holds
p = q
proof end;

theorem Th7: :: INTEGRA3:7
for i, j being Element of NAT
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D, D1 being Division of A st D <= D1 & i in dom D & j in dom D & i <= j holds
( indx (D1,D,i) <= indx (D1,D,j) & indx (D1,D,i) in dom D1 )
proof end;

theorem Th8: :: INTEGRA3:8
for i, j being Element of NAT
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D, D1 being Division of A st D <= D1 & i in dom D & j in dom D & i < j holds
indx (D1,D,i) < indx (D1,D,j)
proof end;

theorem Th9: :: INTEGRA3:9
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D being Division of A holds delta D >= 0
proof end;

Lm3: for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for g being Function of A,REAL st g | A is bounded holds
upper_bound (rng g) >= lower_bound (rng g)
proof end;

Lm4: for A, B being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for f being Function of A,REAL st f | A is bounded & B c= A holds
( lower_bound (rng (f | B)) >= lower_bound (rng f) & lower_bound (rng f) <= upper_bound (rng (f | B)) & upper_bound (rng (f | B)) <= upper_bound (rng f) & lower_bound (rng (f | B)) <= upper_bound (rng f) )
proof end;

Lm5: for j being Element of NAT
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1 being Division of A st j in dom D1 holds
vol (divset (D1,j)) <= delta D1
proof end;

Lm6: for x being Real
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1, D2 being Division of A
for j1 being Element of NAT st j1 = (len D1) - 1 & x in divset (D1,(len D1)) & len D1 >= 2 & D1 <= D2 & rng D2 = (rng D1) \/ {x} holds
rng (D2 | (indx (D2,D1,j1))) = rng (D1 | j1)
proof end;

theorem Th10: :: INTEGRA3:10
for x being Real
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1, D2 being Division of A
for g being Function of A,REAL st x in divset (D1,(len D1)) & len D1 >= 2 & D1 <= D2 & rng D2 = (rng D1) \/ {x} & g | A is bounded holds
(Sum (lower_volume (g,D2))) - (Sum (lower_volume (g,D1))) <= ((upper_bound (rng g)) - (lower_bound (rng g))) * (delta D1)
proof end;

theorem Th11: :: INTEGRA3:11
for x being Real
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1, D2 being Division of A
for g being Function of A,REAL st x in divset (D1,(len D1)) & len D1 >= 2 & D1 <= D2 & rng D2 = (rng D1) \/ {x} & g | A is bounded holds
(Sum (upper_volume (g,D1))) - (Sum (upper_volume (g,D2))) <= ((upper_bound (rng g)) - (lower_bound (rng g))) * (delta D1)
proof end;

Lm7: for y being Real
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for f being Function of A,REAL st vol A <> 0 & y in rng (lower_sum_set f) holds
ex D being Division of A st
( D in dom (lower_sum_set f) & y = (lower_sum_set f) . D & D . 1 > lower_bound A )
proof end;

theorem Th12: :: INTEGRA3:12
for r being Real
for i, j being Element of NAT
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D being Division of A st i in dom D & j in dom D & i <= j & r < (mid (D,i,j)) . 1 holds
ex B being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL st
( r = lower_bound B & upper_bound B = (mid (D,i,j)) . (len (mid (D,i,j))) & mid (D,i,j) is Division of B )
proof end;

Lm8: for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1 being Division of A st vol A <> 0 & len D1 = 1 holds
<*(lower_bound A)*> ^ D1 is non empty increasing FinSequence of REAL
proof end;

Lm9: for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D2 being Division of A st lower_bound A < D2 . 1 holds
<*(lower_bound A)*> ^ D2 is non empty increasing FinSequence of REAL
proof end;

theorem Lm10: :: INTEGRA3:13
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1 being Division of A
for f being Function of A,REAL
for MD1 being Division of A st MD1 = <*(lower_bound A)*> ^ D1 holds
( ( for i being Element of NAT st i in Seg (len D1) holds
divset (MD1,(i + 1)) = divset (D1,i) ) & upper_volume (f,D1) = (upper_volume (f,MD1)) /^ 1 & lower_volume (f,D1) = (lower_volume (f,MD1)) /^ 1 )
proof end;

Lm11: for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D2, MD2 being Division of A st MD2 = <*(lower_bound A)*> ^ D2 holds
vol (divset (MD2,1)) = 0
proof end;

Lm12: for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1, MD1 being Division of A st MD1 = <*(lower_bound A)*> ^ D1 holds
delta MD1 = delta D1
proof end;

theorem Th13: :: INTEGRA3:14
for x being Real
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1, D2 being Division of A
for f being Function of A,REAL st x in divset (D1,(len D1)) & vol A <> 0 & D1 <= D2 & rng D2 = (rng D1) \/ {x} & f | A is bounded & x > lower_bound A holds
(Sum (lower_volume (f,D2))) - (Sum (lower_volume (f,D1))) <= ((upper_bound (rng f)) - (lower_bound (rng f))) * (delta D1)
proof end;

theorem Th14: :: INTEGRA3:15
for x being Real
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1, D2 being Division of A
for f being Function of A,REAL st x in divset (D1,(len D1)) & vol A <> 0 & D1 <= D2 & rng D2 = (rng D1) \/ {x} & f | A is bounded & x > lower_bound A holds
(Sum (upper_volume (f,D1))) - (Sum (upper_volume (f,D2))) <= ((upper_bound (rng f)) - (lower_bound (rng f))) * (delta D1)
proof end;

theorem Th15: :: INTEGRA3:16
for r being Real
for i, j being Element of NAT
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D1, D2 being Division of A st i in dom D1 & j in dom D1 & i <= j & D1 <= D2 & r < (mid (D2,(indx (D2,D1,i)),(indx (D2,D1,j)))) . 1 holds
ex B being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL ex MD1, MD2 being Division of B st
( r = lower_bound B & upper_bound B = MD2 . (len MD2) & upper_bound B = MD1 . (len MD1) & MD1 <= MD2 & MD1 = mid (D1,i,j) & MD2 = mid (D2,(indx (D2,D1,i)),(indx (D2,D1,j))) )
proof end;

theorem Th16: :: INTEGRA3:17
for x being Real
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D being Division of A st x in rng D holds
( D . 1 <= x & x <= D . (len D) )
proof end;

theorem Th17: :: INTEGRA3:18
for p being FinSequence of REAL
for i, j, k being Element of NAT st p is increasing & i in dom p & j in dom p & k in dom p & p . i <= p . k & p . k <= p . j holds
p . k in rng (mid (p,i,j))
proof end;

theorem Th18: :: INTEGRA3:19
for i being Element of NAT
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D being Division of A
for f being Function of A,REAL st f | A is bounded & i in dom D holds
lower_bound (rng (f | (divset (D,i)))) <= upper_bound (rng f)
proof end;

theorem Th19: :: INTEGRA3:20
for i being Element of NAT
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for D being Division of A
for f being Function of A,REAL st f | A is bounded & i in dom D holds
upper_bound (rng (f | (divset (D,i)))) >= lower_bound (rng f)
proof end;

theorem Th20: :: INTEGRA3:21
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for f being Function of A,REAL st f | A is bounded holds
for D, D1 being Division of A ex D2 being Division of A st
( D <= D2 & D1 <= D2 & rng D2 = (rng D1) \/ (rng D) & 0 <= (lower_sum (f,D2)) - (lower_sum (f,D)) & 0 <= (lower_sum (f,D2)) - (lower_sum (f,D1)) )
proof end;

theorem Th21: :: INTEGRA3:22
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for f being Function of A,REAL st f | A is bounded holds
for D, D1 being Division of A st delta D1 < min (rng (upper_volume ((chi (A,A)),D))) holds
ex D2 being Division of A st
( D <= D2 & D1 <= D2 & rng D2 = (rng D1) \/ (rng D) & (lower_sum (f,D2)) - (lower_sum (f,D1)) <= ((len D) * ((upper_bound (rng f)) - (lower_bound (rng f)))) * (delta D1) )
proof end;

theorem Th22: :: INTEGRA3:23
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for f being Function of A,REAL st f | A is bounded holds
for D, D1 being Division of A ex D2 being Division of A st
( D <= D2 & D1 <= D2 & rng D2 = (rng D1) \/ (rng D) & 0 <= (upper_sum (f,D)) - (upper_sum (f,D2)) & 0 <= (upper_sum (f,D1)) - (upper_sum (f,D2)) )
proof end;

theorem Th23: :: INTEGRA3:24
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for f being Function of A,REAL st f | A is bounded holds
for D, D1 being Division of A st delta D1 < min (rng (upper_volume ((chi (A,A)),D))) holds
ex D2 being Division of A st
( D <= D2 & D1 <= D2 & rng D2 = (rng D1) \/ (rng D) & (upper_sum (f,D1)) - (upper_sum (f,D2)) <= ((len D) * ((upper_bound (rng f)) - (lower_bound (rng f)))) * (delta D1) )
proof end;

:: WP: Darboux's Theorem
theorem :: INTEGRA3:25
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for f being Function of A,REAL
for T being DivSequence of A st f | A is bounded & delta T is 0 -convergent & delta T is non-zero & vol A <> 0 holds
( lower_sum (f,T) is convergent & lim (lower_sum (f,T)) = lower_integral f )
proof end;

theorem :: INTEGRA3:26
for A being non empty closed_interval Subset of REAL
for f being Function of A,REAL
for T being DivSequence of A st f | A is bounded & delta T is 0 -convergent & delta T is non-zero & vol A <> 0 holds
( upper_sum (f,T) is convergent & lim (upper_sum (f,T)) = upper_integral f )
proof end;