Copyright (c) 1990 Association of Mizar Users
environ
vocabulary BOOLE, PRE_TOPC, INCSP_1, RELAT_2, COLLSP;
notation TARSKI, XBOOLE_0, ZFMISC_1, SUBSET_1, NAT_1, DOMAIN_1, STRUCT_0,
PRE_TOPC;
constructors REAL_1, DOMAIN_1, STRUCT_0, MEMBERED, XBOOLE_0;
clusters STRUCT_0, MEMBERED, ZFMISC_1, XBOOLE_0, NUMBERS, ORDINAL2;
requirements NUMERALS, SUBSET, BOOLE;
definitions TARSKI, STRUCT_0;
theorems TARSKI, MCART_1, ENUMSET1, STRUCT_0, XBOOLE_0;
begin :: AUXILIARY THEOREMS
reserve X for set;
definition let X;
mode Relation3 of X -> set means :Def1: it c= [:X,X,X:];
existence;
end;
canceled;
theorem Th2:
X = {}
or ex a be set st {a} = X
or ex a,b be set st a<>b & a in X & b in X
proof
now assume that A1: X <> {}
and A2: not ex a,b be set st a<>b & a in X & b in X;
consider p be Element of X;
for z be set holds z in X iff z = p by A1,A2;
then X={p} by TARSKI:def 1;
hence ex a be set st {a} = X;
end;
hence thesis;
end;
:: *********************
:: * COLLINEARITY *
:: *********************
definition
struct(1-sorted) CollStr (# carrier -> set,
Collinearity -> Relation3 of the carrier #);
end;
definition
cluster non empty strict CollStr;
existence
proof
consider A being non empty set, r being Relation3 of A;
take CollStr(#A,r#);
thus the carrier of CollStr(#A,r#) is non empty;
thus thesis;
end;
end;
reserve CS for non empty CollStr;
reserve a,b,c for Point of CS;
definition let CS, a,b,c;
pred a,b,c is_collinear means :Def2: [a,b,c] in the Collinearity of CS;
end;
set Z = {1};
Lm1: 1 in Z by TARSKI:def 1;
Lm2: {[1,1,1]} c= [:{1},{1},{1}:]
proof
now let x be set;
assume x in {[1,1,1]};
then x = [1,1,1] by TARSKI:def 1;
hence x in [:{1},{1},{1}:] by Lm1,MCART_1:73;
end;
hence thesis by TARSKI:def 3;
end;
reconsider Z as non empty set by Lm1;
reconsider RR = {[1,1,1]} as Relation3 of Z by Def1,Lm2;
reconsider CLS = CollStr (# Z, RR #) as non empty CollStr by STRUCT_0:def 1;
Lm3:
now
A1: for z1,z2,z3 being Point of CLS holds
[z1,z2,z3] in the Collinearity of CLS
proof
let z1,z2,z3 be Point of CLS;
z1 = 1 & z2 = 1 & z3 = 1 by TARSKI:def 1;
hence thesis by TARSKI:def 1;
end;
let a,b,c,p,q,r be Point of CLS;
thus (a=b or a=c or b=c implies [a,b,c] in the Collinearity of CLS) by A1;
thus (a<>b & [a,b,p] in the Collinearity of CLS &
[a,b,q] in the Collinearity of CLS &
[a,b,r] in the Collinearity of CLS
implies [p,q,r] in the Collinearity of CLS) by A1;
end;
definition let IT be non empty CollStr;
attr IT is reflexive means
:Def3:
for a,b,c being Point of IT
st a=b or a=c or b=c holds [a,b,c] in the Collinearity of IT;
end;
definition let IT be non empty CollStr;
attr IT is transitive means
:Def4:
for a,b,p,q,r being Point of IT
st a<>b & [a,b,p] in the Collinearity of IT &
[a,b,q] in the Collinearity of IT &
[a,b,r] in the Collinearity of IT
holds [p,q,r] in the Collinearity of IT;
end;
definition
cluster strict reflexive transitive (non empty CollStr);
existence
proof
take CLS;
thus thesis by Def3,Def4,Lm3;
end;
end;
definition
mode CollSp is reflexive transitive (non empty CollStr);
end;
reserve CLSP for CollSp;
reserve a,b,c,d,p,q,r for Point of CLSP;
canceled 4;
theorem
Th7: (a=b or a=c or b=c) implies a,b,c is_collinear
proof
assume a=b or a=c or b=c;
then [a,b,c] in the Collinearity of CLSP by Def3;
hence thesis by Def2;
end;
theorem
Th8: a<>b & a,b,p is_collinear & a,b,q is_collinear & a,b,r is_collinear
implies p,q,r is_collinear
proof
assume a<>b & a,b,p is_collinear & a,b,q is_collinear & a,b,r is_collinear;
then a<>b & [a,b,p] in the Collinearity of CLSP &
[a,b,q] in the Collinearity of CLSP &
[a,b,r] in the Collinearity of CLSP by Def2;
then [p,q,r] in the Collinearity of CLSP by Def4;
hence thesis by Def2;
end;
theorem
Th9: a,b,c is_collinear implies b,a,c is_collinear & a,c,b is_collinear
proof
assume A1: a,b,c is_collinear;
thus b,a,c is_collinear
proof
a=b or
a<>b & a,b,b is_collinear & a,b,a is_collinear & a,b,c is_collinear
by A1,Th7;
hence thesis by Th7,Th8;
end;
thus a,c,b is_collinear
proof
a=b or
a<>b & a,b,a is_collinear & a,b,c is_collinear & a,b,b is_collinear
by A1,Th7;
hence thesis by Th7,Th8;
end;
end;
theorem
a,b,a is_collinear by Th7;
theorem
Th11: a<>b & a,b,c is_collinear & a,b,d is_collinear
implies a,c,d is_collinear
proof
assume A1: a<>b & a,b,c is_collinear & a,b,d is_collinear;
a,b,a is_collinear by Th7;
hence thesis by A1,Th8;
end;
theorem
a,b,c is_collinear implies b,a,c is_collinear by Th9;
theorem
Th13: a,b,c is_collinear implies b,c,a is_collinear
proof
assume a,b,c is_collinear;
then b,a,c is_collinear by Th9;
hence thesis by Th9;
end;
theorem
Th14: p<>q & a,b,p is_collinear & a,b,q is_collinear & p,q,r is_collinear
implies a,b,r is_collinear
proof
assume A1: p<>q &
a,b,p is_collinear & a,b,q is_collinear & p,q,r is_collinear;
now assume A2: a<>b;
then A3: a,p,q is_collinear by A1,Th11;
a,b,b is_collinear by Th7;
then p,q,a is_collinear & p,q,b is_collinear by A1,A2,A3,Th8,Th13;
hence thesis by A1,Th8;
end;
hence thesis by Th7;
end;
:: *******************
:: * LINES *
:: *******************
definition let CLSP,a,b;
func Line(a,b) -> set equals
:Def5: {p: a,b,p is_collinear};
correctness;
end;
canceled;
theorem
Th16: a in Line(a,b) & b in Line(a,b)
proof
thus a in Line(a,b)
proof
a,b,a is_collinear by Th7;
then a in {p: a,b,p is_collinear};
hence thesis by Def5;
end;
thus b in Line(a,b)
proof
a,b,b is_collinear by Th7;
then b in {p: a,b,p is_collinear};
hence thesis by Def5;
end;
end;
theorem Th17:
a,b,r is_collinear iff r in Line(a,b)
proof
thus a,b,r is_collinear implies r in Line(a,b)
proof
assume a,b,r is_collinear;
then r in {p: a,b,p is_collinear};
hence thesis by Def5;
end;
thus r in Line(a,b) implies a,b,r is_collinear
proof
assume r in Line(a,b);
then r in {p: a,b,p is_collinear} by Def5;
then ex p st r=p & a,b,p is_collinear;
hence thesis;
end;
end;
:: ************************************
:: * PROPER COLLINEARITY SPACES *
:: ************************************
reserve i,j,k for Nat;
set Z = {1, 2, 3};
set RR = { [i,j,k]: (i=j or j=k or k=i) & i in Z & j in Z & k in Z };
Lm4: RR c= [:Z,Z,Z:]
proof
now let x be set;
assume x in RR;
then ex i,j,k st
x = [i,j,k] & (i=j or j=k or k=i) & i in Z & j in Z & k in Z;
hence x in [:Z,Z,Z:] by MCART_1:73;
end;
hence thesis by TARSKI:def 3;
end;
reconsider Z as non empty set by ENUMSET1:def 1;
reconsider RR as Relation3 of Z by Def1,Lm4;
reconsider CLS = CollStr (# Z, RR #) as non empty CollStr by STRUCT_0:def 1;
Lm5: for a,b,c be Point of CLS holds
[a,b,c] in RR iff (a=b or b=c or c =a) & a in Z & b in Z & c in Z
proof
let a,b,c be Point of CLS;
thus [a,b,c] in RR implies
(a=b or b=c or c =a) & a in Z & b in Z & c in Z
proof
assume [a,b,c] in RR;
then consider i,j,k such that
A1: [a,b,c] = [i,j,k] and
A2: (i=j or j=k or k=i) & i in Z & j in Z & k in Z;
a=i & b=j & c =k by A1,MCART_1:28;
hence thesis by A2;
end;
thus (a=b or b=c or c =a) & a in Z & b in Z & c in Z implies
[a,b,c] in RR;
end;
Lm6: for a,b,c,p,q,r be Point of CLS holds
(a<>b & [a,b,p] in the Collinearity of CLS &
[a,b,q] in the Collinearity of CLS &
[a,b,r] in the Collinearity of CLS
implies [p,q,r] in the Collinearity of CLS)
proof
let a,b,c,p,q,r be Point of CLS;
assume A1: a<>b & [a,b,p] in the Collinearity of CLS &
[a,b,q] in the Collinearity of CLS &
[a,b,r] in the Collinearity of CLS;
thus [p,q,r] in the Collinearity of CLS
proof
(a=p or b=p) & (a=q or b=q) & (a=r or b=r)
& p in Z & q in Z & r in Z by A1,Lm5;
hence thesis;
end;
end;
Lm7: ex a,b,c be Point of CLS st not a,b,c is_collinear
proof
reconsider a=1,b=2,c =3 as Point of CLS by ENUMSET1:def 1;
A1: not [a,b,c] in the Collinearity of CLS by Lm5;
take a,b,c;
thus thesis by A1,Def2;
end;
Lm8:
CLS is CollSp
proof
for a,b,c,p,q,r being Point of CLS holds
(a=b or a=c or b=c implies [a,b,c] in the Collinearity of CLS) &
(a<>b & [a,b,p] in the Collinearity of CLS &
[a,b,q] in the Collinearity of CLS &
[a,b,r] in the Collinearity of CLS
implies [p,q,r] in the Collinearity of CLS) by Lm5,Lm6;
hence thesis by Def3,Def4;
end;
definition let IT be non empty CollStr;
attr IT is proper means
:Def6: ex a,b,c being Point of IT st not a,b,c is_collinear;
end;
definition
cluster strict proper CollSp;
existence
proof reconsider CLS as CollSp by Lm8;
CLS is proper by Def6,Lm7;
hence thesis;
end;
end;
reserve CLSP for proper CollSp;
reserve a,b,c,d,p,q,r for Point of CLSP;
canceled;
theorem
Th19: for p,q holds p<>q implies ex r st not p,q,r is_collinear
proof
let p,q;
assume A1: p<>q;
consider a,b,c such that A2: not a,b,c is_collinear by Def6;
not p,q,a is_collinear
or not p,q,b is_collinear
or not p,q,c is_collinear by A1,A2,Th8;
hence thesis;
end;
definition let CLSP;
mode LINE of CLSP -> set means
:Def7: ex a,b st a<>b & it=Line(a,b);
existence
proof
consider a,b,c such that A1: not a,b,c is_collinear by Def6;
A2: a<>b by A1,Th7;
take Line(a,b);
thus thesis by A2;
end;
end;
reserve P,Q for LINE of CLSP;
canceled 2;
theorem
a=b implies Line(a,b) = the carrier of CLSP
proof
assume A1: a=b;
for x be set holds x in Line(a,b) iff x in the carrier of CLSP
proof
let x be set;
thus x in Line(a,b) implies x in the carrier of CLSP
proof
assume x in Line(a,b);
then x in {p: a,b,p is_collinear} by Def5;
then ex p st x=p & a,b,p is_collinear;
then reconsider x as Point of CLSP;
x is Element of CLSP;
hence thesis;
end;
thus x in the carrier of CLSP implies x in Line(a,b)
proof
assume x in the carrier of CLSP;
then reconsider x as Point of CLSP;
a,b,x is_collinear by A1,Th7;
then x in {p: a,b,p is_collinear};
hence thesis by Def5;
end;
end;
hence thesis by TARSKI:2;
end;
theorem
for P ex a,b st a<>b & a in P & b in P
proof
let P;
consider a,b such that A1: a<>b and A2: P = Line(a,b) by Def7;
take a,b;
thus thesis by A1,A2,Th16;
end;
theorem
a <> b implies ex P st a in P & b in P
proof
assume a<>b;
then reconsider P = Line(a,b) as LINE of CLSP by Def7;
take P;
thus thesis by Th16;
end;
theorem
Th25: p in P & q in P & r in P implies p,q,r is_collinear
proof
assume A1: p in P & q in P & r in P;
consider a,b such that A2: a<>b and A3: P = Line(a,b) by Def7;
p in {d: a,b,d is_collinear} by A1,A3,Def5;
then A4: ex x be Point of CLSP st x=p & a,b,x is_collinear;
q in {d: a,b,d is_collinear} by A1,A3,Def5;
then A5: ex y be Point of CLSP st y=q & a,b,y is_collinear;
r in {d: a,b,d is_collinear} by A1,A3,Def5;
then ex z be Point of CLSP st z=r & a,b,z is_collinear;
hence thesis by A2,A4,A5,Th8;
end;
Lm9:
for x be set holds x in Line(a,b) implies
ex r be Point of CLSP st r=x & a,b,r is_collinear
proof
let x be set;
assume x in Line(a,b);
then x in {p: a,b,p is_collinear} by Def5;
hence thesis;
end;
Lm10:
for x be set holds x in P implies x is Point of CLSP
proof
let x be set;
assume A1: x in P;
consider a,b such that A2: a<>b & P = Line(a,b) by Def7;
ex r be Point of CLSP st r=x & a,b,r is_collinear by A1,A2,Lm9;
hence thesis;
end;
theorem
Th26: P c= Q implies P = Q
proof
assume A1: P c= Q;
Q c= P
proof
let r be set; assume A2: r in Q;
then reconsider r as Point of CLSP by Lm10;
consider p,q such that p<>q and A3: P = Line(p,q) by Def7;
p in P & q in P by A3,Th16;
then p,q,r is_collinear by A1,A2,Th25;
hence thesis by A3,Th17;
end;
hence thesis by A1,XBOOLE_0:def 10;
end;
theorem
Th27: p<>q & p in P & q in P implies Line(p,q) c= P
proof
assume that A1: p<>q and A2: p in P and A3: q in P;
consider a,b such that a<>b and A4: P = Line(a,b) by Def7;
A5: a,b,p is_collinear & a,b,q is_collinear by A2,A3,A4,Th17;
let x be set; assume x in Line(p,q);
then consider r be Point of CLSP such that A6: r=x and
A7: p,q,r is_collinear by Lm9;
a,b,r is_collinear by A1,A5,A7,Th14;
hence thesis by A4,A6,Th17;
end;
theorem
Th28: p<>q & p in P & q in P implies Line(p,q) = P
proof
assume A1: p<>q & p in P & q in P;
then reconsider Q = Line(p,q) as LINE of CLSP by Def7;
Q c= P by A1,Th27;
hence thesis by Th26;
end;
theorem
Th29: p<>q & p in P & q in P & p in Q & q in Q implies P = Q
proof
assume p<>q & p in P & q in P & p in Q & q in Q;
then Line(p,q) = P & Line(p,q) = Q by Th28;
hence thesis;
end;
theorem
P = Q or P misses Q or ex p st P /\ Q = {p}
proof
A1: P /\ Q = {}
or ex a be set st {a} = P /\ Q
or ex a,b be set st a<>b & a in P /\ Q & b in P /\ Q by Th2;
A2:(ex a be set st {a} = P /\ Q) implies ex p st P /\ Q = {p}
proof
given a be set such that A3: {a} = P /\ Q;
a in P /\ Q by A3,TARSKI:def 1;
then a in P by XBOOLE_0:def 3;
then reconsider p=a as Point of CLSP by Lm10;
P /\ Q = {p} by A3;
hence thesis;
end;
(ex a,b be set st a<>b & a in P /\ Q & b in P /\ Q) implies P = Q
proof
given a,b be set such that A4: a<>b & a in P /\ Q & b in P /\ Q;
a in P & a in Q & b in P & b in Q by A4,XBOOLE_0:def 3;
then reconsider p=a, q=b as Point of CLSP by Lm10;
p<>q & p in P & q in P & p in Q & q in Q by A4,XBOOLE_0:def 3;
hence thesis by Th29;
end;
hence thesis by A1,A2,XBOOLE_0:def 7;
end;
theorem
a<>b implies Line(a,b) <> the carrier of CLSP
proof
assume a<>b;
then ex r st not a,b,r is_collinear by Th19;
hence thesis by Th17;
end;